Defense Primer: Department of Defense Civilian Employees : Congressional Research Service (CRS) , February 6 , 2023
From the report: “Congress established the current federal civil service, which is overseen by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), with the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-454). The civil service comprises all appointive positions in each branch of the U.S. government, other than positions in the uniformed services (5 U.S.C. §2101). Civil service hiring is intended to be merit-based, and all civil servants must adhere to merit system principles (5 U.S.C. §2301).”
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